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In the evaluation of psychopathology, an intelligence test was typically used in conjunction with interviewing and personality tests that may have included projective techniques such as the Rorschach or Thematic Apperception Test, or objective procedures such as the MMPI. In these applications, an intelligence test is rarely administered in isolation from other procedures.
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In essence, the Wechsler scales are viewed within this theoretical framework as a personality test to be used in conjunction with a broader personality assessment. This statement still characterizes the nature of the clinical application of intelligence testing to psychopathology. From the relationships between different achievements, and from the types of falling-short of or deviation from expected achievements, we infer the maturity and strength, as well as the degrees and kinds of impairments, of the functions underlying the achievements and the personality structure or maladjustment type in which these would be likely to occur. David Rapaport, a pioneer in application of the Wechsler scales to psychopathology, said:ĭiagnostic testing of intelligence and concept formation scrutinizes the extent and quality of a subject's achievements. For some time, the Wechsler scales have been commonly administered in psychiatric clinics and hospitals, often as part of a comprehensive psychological assessment, and are used along with other tests in diagnosis formulation and treatment planning. Since that time an extensive literature has grown involving identification of test profiles that characterize various disorders ranging from schizophrenia and depression to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities. In his book Measurement of Adult Intelligence, David Wechsler (1941) wrote a brief section on schizophrenia, stating that patients with this disorder produce a profile characterized by relatively good performance on verbal tests that do not require much verbalization, but poor performance on tests involving attention to details, such as Picture Completion. The Wechsler intelligence scales were first developed at the Bellevue Hospital, a psychiatric facility in New York City.